英語六級段落匹配專項練習(xí)題
引導(dǎo)語：英語六級考試中閱讀的重要性不言而喻，那么下面小編為大家整理了一些段落匹配的專項練習(xí)題，希望能幫助到您。
練習(xí)題一
Ways Obama Could Fight Climate Change
[A] One of the biggest surprises of President Barack Obama's inaugural address,on Monday was how much he focused on fighting climate change, spending more time on that issue than any other. "We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations," Obama said. The President pointed out that recent severe weather supplied an urgent impetus for energy innovation and staked the nation's economic future on responding to a changing climate. "We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new industries--we must claim its promise," Obama said. '" That's how we will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure--our forests and waterways; our croplands and snowcapped (山頂積雪的) peaks. That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. " so what could the President reasonably do to deliver on that vow? Here are ten of their suggestions:
Sunset coal with new incentives and regulations.
[B] "Provide incentives to phase out the oldest, most polluting power plants," said Robert Jackson, a climate scientist at Duke University. It's already happening, to some degree, as more of the nation transitions to natural gas. Earth scientist Bill Chameides, dean of Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment and a former chief scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, urges the administration to use its Clean, Air Act authority to promulgate (頒布 )carbon regulations for existing power plants like it has for new ones: "Doing that will force fuel switching from coal to natural gas. "Invest federal stimulus money in nuclear power.
[C] It's hardly a perfect fuel, as accidents like Japan's Fukushima fallout have shown, but with safety precautions new nuclear plants can meaningfully offset dirtier types of energy, supporters say."Nuclear is the only short-to medium-term way to really get away from fossil fuels," said Peter Raven. President emeritus of the Missouri Botanical Garden. He said the damage done by relentless global warming will far exceed the damage done by faults in the nuclear system.
Kill the Keystone pipeline.
[D] The controversial Keystone XL oil pipeline is up for review again by the White House this year. "The font thing he should do to set the tone to a lower carbon economy is to reject the Keystone pipeline, “said Raymond Pierrehum Bert, a geophysical scientist at the University of Chicago. The pipeline was never going to be a major driver of global emissions, but Pierre humbert and some other environmentalists say that by killing it the President would send a clear message about America's intent to ramp down fossil fuels.
Protect the oceans by executive order.
[E] Land use is complicated, but large swaths of oceans can be protected by executive order. Just as President George W. Bush designated the world's largest marine monument northwest of Hawaii in 2006. Obama could single-handedly protect other areas. National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Sylvia Earle said the President should focus on parts of the Arctic that are under U. S. control, putting them off limits to energy production, commercial fishing, and mineral exploration. Marine sanctuaries (禁捕區(qū)) won't stop climate change, but they can give marine species a better chance of adapting to it by reducing the other man-made threats the animals face.
Experiment with capturing carbon.
[F] Huge untapped reserves of natural gas and oil make it unlikely that the U. S. will transition away from fossil fuels in the immediate future. Instead, said Wallace Broecker, geology professor at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, we should attack the atmosphere's carbon surplus directly. "Obama could make available funds to build and test prototype air capture units" to capture and store CO2, said Broecker. Removing some carbon from the atmosphere could buy valuable time as policy makers and scientists explore more permanent solutions.
Grow government research for new energy sources.
[G] The Department of Energy has a nimble program that's tasked with innovative energy research—the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The ARPA-E funds research in biofuels, transmission,and battery storage, with an annual budget of $ 275 million. Last year, DOE officials requested at least $ 75 million more. Increasing funding for ARPA-E, said Rare Pomerance, former deputy assistant secretary of state for environment and development and currently an environmental consultant, "you get new technologies that undercut coal, oil, and gas. " Plus, he said, yon get a competitive advantage if American researchers uncover the next big idea in new energy.
Tax carbon.
[H] Congress would have to agree, but many climate experts say that the most meaningful way to tackle emissions is to set a price on carbon. "We should be asking people to pay the cost of putting carbon into the atmosphere as they buy the fuel," said Josh Willis, climate scientist and oceanographer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. To gain political support for the idea, Obama would probably have to show that the tax wonld help accelerate technology, grow new industries, and pay down the deficit.
Dial back the federal government's energy use.
[I] With more than I. 8 million employees, $ 500 billion in annual purchasing power, and 500,000 buildings to operate, the federal government has been a leader in reducing energy use since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste. "I would urge him to keep using the power of government to promote energy conservation," said Syndonia Bret-Harte, an Arctic biologist who studies climate change at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Build a scientific clearinghouse for climate information.
[J] "I advocate for building a better information system on what is happening and why," said Kevin Tren berth, head of the Climate Analysis Section at the U. S. National Center for Atmospheric Research. That involves compiling observations related to climate change from around the world and using the data to refine climate modeling. Think of it as a one-stop, user-friendly website that clearly demonstrates how weather data from around the globe are influenced by broader shifts in the planet's climate.
Keep talking. Despite a consensus among top scientists, the world still needs some convincing on climate change.
[K] A CNN poll last week found that just 49 percent of Americans agree that global warming is real and is due to human activities. "The most important thing the President can do is to build on his inaugural comments to heighten the sense of urgency about rapid climate destabilization and clarify its connection to virtually every other issue on the national agenda," said David Orr, environmental studies professor at Oberlin College. That means using the bully clergymen to show how a more volatile climate affects everything from agriculture to transportation to 21st-century warfare.
46. The urge to promulgate carbon regulations is aimed at pushing power plants to replace coal by natural gas.
47. Marine sanctuaries should be preserved because they help sea species adapt to climate alteration.
48. The government should take the responsibility to raise Americans' awareness about climate change.
49. Many climate experts believe that the most effective way to lower emission is to tax on carbon.
50. Nuclear supporters argue that nuclear system failures are less challenging than global warming.
51. Recent extreme weather made President Obama feel it is urgent to address climate change.
52. Keystone pipeline should be rejected because it is a signal to reduce fossil fuels.
53. Since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste, the federal government has taken the lead in saving energy.
54. Lower carbon emission will be most likely to happen if research in new energy resources succeeds.
55. Compared with turning to new energy, America prefers carbon capture and store as a temporary measure.
46. The urge to promulgate carbon regulations is aimed at pushing power plants to replace coal by natural gas.
練習(xí)題一答案：
譯文 推動頒布碳法規(guī)的目的在于迫使燃料從煤炭轉(zhuǎn)向天然氣。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞promulgate carbon regulations，coal，natural gas定位到原文劃線句。
47. Marine sanctuaries should be preserved because they help sea species adapt to climate alteration.
譯文 秘海洋禁捕區(qū)應(yīng)予以保留，因為它們可以讓海洋生物更好地適應(yīng)氣候變化。
定位 關(guān)鍵詞 Marine sanctuaries，sea species定位到原文劃線句。
48. The government should take the responsibility to raise Americans' awareness about climate change.
譯文 秘政府應(yīng)該承擔(dān)起責(zé)任，加強美國民眾對氣候變化的認(rèn)識。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞Americans’awareness定位到原文劃線句。
49. Many climate experts believe that the most effective way to lower emission is to tax on carbon.
譯文 氣候?qū)＜艺J(rèn)為解決碳排放問題最有效的方法就是征稅。
定位 關(guān)鍵詞Many climate experts定位到原文劃線句。
50. Nuclear supporters argue that nuclear system failures are less challenging than global warming.
譯文 核能支持者認(rèn)為核能事故的危害比起全球變暖的危害要小。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞Nuclear supporters，less challenging，global warming定位到原文劃線句。
51. Recent extreme weather made President Obama feel it is urgent to address climate change.
譯文 近期的極端天氣讓總統(tǒng)感到應(yīng)對氣候變化的任務(wù)越來越緊迫。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞extreme weather，Obama，climate change定位到原文劃線句。
52. Keystone pipeline should be rejected because it is a signal to reduce fossil fuels.
譯文 重點輸油管道項目應(yīng)該被否決，因為這是減少化石燃料的信號。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞Keystone pipeline定位到原文劃線句。
53. Since Obama signed a 2009 executive order to cut waste, the federal government has taken the lead in saving energy.
譯文 自從總統(tǒng)在2009年下令減少廢氣排放之后，聯(lián)邦政府一直是節(jié)能方面的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。
定位 關(guān)鍵詞0bama，2009 executive order，cut waste，lead定位到原文劃線句。
54. Lower carbon emission will be most likely to happen if research in new energy resources succeeds.
譯文 如果新能源研究成功，碳排放很有可能會獺少。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞new energy定位到原文劃線句。
55. F)Compared with turning to new energy, America prefers carbon capture and store as a temporary measure.
譯文 與新能源相比起來，美國更傾向于將碳獲取與存儲作為臨時措施。
定位 由關(guān)鍵詞carbon capture and store定位到原文劃線句。
練習(xí)題二
How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint Presentations
A) Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.
The Text
B) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary words—a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words.Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.
C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than 24.Use only two font styles per slide—one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.
D) Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only.
E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.
F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles.
G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Don’t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check” on your show when finished.
The Background
H) Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects, “flying words” and multiple transitions. Don’t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.
The Clips
I) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words.
J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.
The Presentation
K) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you’re done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.
L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don’t move it too fast. For example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B” on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.
M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you’ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once.
Miscellaneous
N) Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide” will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide” level. First, go to the “View” menu. Pull down the “Master” menu. Select the “slide master” menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.
1. The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.
2. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated.
3. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other.
4. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word.
5. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read.
6. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.
7. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes.
8. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.
9. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you've drawn.
10. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master”level.
練習(xí)題二答案：
1.A
A段講到了微軟的PowerPoint對學(xué)術(shù)及商業(yè)陳述形式的改變，可以直接定位到文章的首段。
2.B
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞wording of the text定位到第一個小標(biāo)題下的第一段。
3.C
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞the font styles for the title and the text定位到C段。
4.F
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞more formal situation和capitalizing定位到第一個小標(biāo)題下的F段。
5.G
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞Centering bulleted lists or text定位到第一個小標(biāo)題下的G段。
6.H
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞Sound effects定位到第二個小標(biāo)題下的H段，Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects。
7.J
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞importing和two megabytes定位到第三個小標(biāo)題下的J段。
8.L
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞look at the audience定位到第四個小標(biāo)題下的L段。
9.M
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞Pressing the E key定位到第四個小標(biāo)題下的M段。
10.N
根據(jù)題干中的信息詞make changes at the “slide master” level定位到文章的最后一段可得答案。
練習(xí)題三
Paper--More than Meets the Eye
A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!
H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.
J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.
1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.
2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.
3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.
4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.
5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.
6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.
7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.
8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.
9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.
10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.
練習(xí)題三答案：
文章精要
本文主要介紹了我們平常所見所用的紙的復(fù)雜性，通過介紹用木頭和破布料造紙的過程，使我們對紙的類別、屬性有了更深入的了解。
1.B
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞corn—flake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，該部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造過程中比高等級的紙(high grade card)便宜.
2.C
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。
3.D
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞final product，可將答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的產(chǎn)品來源于纖維素紙漿。
4.D
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞white paper and card，可將答案定位到D段，該部分最后提到為了得到白紙，紙張生產(chǎn)者在制造過程中添加了其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
5.E
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞essential for the tree，可將答案定位到E段，該部分提到木質(zhì)素是木頭的主要組成物，其作用是凝聚纖維素，但它會使紙張變得易碎。
6.F
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞lignin，可將答案定位到F段，該部分最后提到許多紙張生產(chǎn)者在生產(chǎn)過程中會保留木質(zhì)素，主要是因為它會增加樹木的造紙產(chǎn)量。
7.G
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞acid，可將答案定位到G段，該部分最后提到酸對相紙的原料尤其不利。
8.F
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因為該段提到，如果在紙張的生產(chǎn)中去除木質(zhì)素，將會降低樹木出產(chǎn)紙張的量，由此可以知道，去除了木質(zhì)素的紙張價格必定會更加昂貴。
9.K
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，該部分告訴我們，盡管用棉花和破布料造的紙里沒有木質(zhì)素，但它們要比木制的紙貴很多，這是因為棉花和破布料的數(shù)量比樹木少得多，由此可以得出答案。
10.M
根據(jù)題干中的信息提示詞Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，該部分提出最好到專業(yè)的供應(yīng)商那里去買檔案材料，由此可以得出答案。
練習(xí)題四
Definitions of Obesity
A: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.
B: The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.
C: However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.
Health Effects of Obesity
D: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.
Cancer
E: Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.
F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.
G: The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!
Aging
H: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.
I: The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.
Dementia
J: Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.
K: Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
Other Problems
L: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.
M: This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.
1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.
2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.
3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.
4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.
5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.
6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to her biological age.
7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.
8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .
9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.
練習(xí)題四：
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. E
5. F
6. H
7. I
8. J
9. K
10. L
練習(xí)題五
Earthquakes
A) An earthquake is one of the most terrifying phenomena that nature can dish up. We generally think of the ground we stand on as “rock-solid” and completely stable. An earthquake can shatter (粉碎)that perception instantly, and often with extreme violence.
B) Up until relatively recently, scientists only had unproven guesses as to what actually caused earthquakes. Even today there is still a certain amount of mystery surrounding them, but scientists have a much clearer understanding. There has been enormous progress in the past century. Scientists have identified the forces that cause earthquakes, and developed technology that can tell us an earthquake"s magnitude and origin. The next hurdle is to find a way of predicting earthquakes, so they don’t catch people by surprise. In this article, we’ll find out what causes earthquakes, and we’ll also find out why they can have such a devastating effect on us.
C) An earthquake is a vibration(震動)that travels through the earth’s crust. Technically, a large truck that rumbles down the street is causing a mini-earthquake, if you feel your house shaking as it goes by; but we tend to think of earthquakes as events that affect a fairly large area, such as an entire city. All kinds of things can cause earthquakes: volcanic eruptions, meteor(流星)impacts, underground explosions (an underground nuclear test, for example), collapsing structures (such as a collapsing mine). But the majority of naturally-occurring earthquakes are caused by movements of the earth’s plates.
D) We only hear about earthquakes in the news every once in a while, but they are actually an everyday occurrence on our planet. According to the United States Geological Survey, more than 3 million earthquakes occur every year. That’s about 8,000 a day, or one every 11 seconds! The vast majority of these 3 million quakes are extremely weak. The law of probability also causes a good number of stronger quakes to happen in uninhabited places where no one feels them. It is the big
quakes that occur in highly populated areas that get our attention.
E) Earthquakes have caused a great deal of property damage over the years, and they have claimed many lives. In the last hundred years alone, there have been more than 1.5 million earthquake-related fatalities. Usually, it’s not the shaking ground itself that claims lives; it’s the associated destruction of man-made structures and other natural disasters it causes, such as tsunamis, avalanches (雪崩)and landslides.
F) The biggest scientific breakthrough in the history of seismology—the study of earthquakes—came in the middle of the 20th century, with the development of the theory of plate tectonics(筑造學(xué)).Scientists proposed the idea of plate tectonics to explain a number of peculiar phenomena on earth, such as the apparent movement of continents over time, the clustering of volcanic activity in certain areas and the presence of huge ridges at the bottom of the ocean.
G) The basic theory is that the surface layer of the earth—the lithosphere—is comprised of many plates that slide over the lubricating (潤滑的)asthenosphere layer. At the boundaries between these huge plates of soil and rock, three different things can happen.
H) Plates can move apart. If two plates are moving apart from each other, hot, molten rock flows up from the layers of mantle below the lithosphere. This magma (巖漿) comes out on the surface (mostly at the bottom of the ocean), where it is called lava (熔巖).As the lava cools, it hardens to form new lithosphere material, filling in the gap. This is called a divergent plate boundary.
I) Plates can push together. If the two plates are moving toward each other, one plate typically pushes under the other one. This plate below sinks into the lower mantle layers, where it melts. At some boundaries where two plates meet, neither plate is in a position to push under the other, so they both push against each other to form mountains. The lines where plates push toward each other are called convergent plate boundaries.
J) Plates slide against each other. At other boundaries, plates simply slide by each other—one moves north and one moves south, for example. While the plates don’t drift directly into each other at these transform boundaries, they are pushed tightly together. A great deal of tension builds at the boundary.
K) We understand earthquakes a lot better than we did even 50 years ago, but we still can’t do much about them. They are caused by fundamental, powerful geological processes that are far beyond our control. These processes are also fairly unpredictable, so it’s not possible at this time to tell people exactly when an earthquake is going to occur. The first detected earthquake waves will tell us that more powerful vibrations are on their way, but this only gives us a few minutes’ warning, at most.
L) So what can we do about earthquakes? The major advances over the past 50 years have been in preparedness, particularly in the field of construction engineering. In 1973, the Uniform Building Code, an international set of standards for building construction,7 added7 specifications7 to7 strengthen7 buildings7 against7 the7 force7 of7 earthquake7 waves.7 This7 includes7 strengthening7 support7 material7 as7 well7 as7 designing buildings so they are flexible enough to absorb vibrations without falling or deteriorating. It’s very important to design structures that can undergo this sort of attack, particularly in earthquake -prone areas.
M) Another component of preparedness is educating the public. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other government agencies have produced several brochures explaining the processes involved in an earthquake and giving instructions on how to prepare your house for a possible earthquake, as well as what to do when a quake hits.
N) In the future, improvements in prediction and preparedness should further minimize the loss of life and property associated with earthquakes. But it will be a long time, if ever, before we’ll be ready for every substantial earthquake that might occur. Just like severe weather and disease, earthquakes are an unavoidable force generated by the powerful natural processes that shape our planet. All we can do is increase our understanding of the phenomenon and develop better ways to deal with it.
1. Earthquake-related fatalities are usually caused by buildings，collapse and other ensuing natural disasters, not by the shaking ground itself.
2. Besides movements of the earth’s plates, other forces such as volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts and so on, can also cause earthquakes.
3. Earthquakes actually occur every day; most of them are not big enough to get our attention.
4. People generally think the ground beneath their feet is completely stable, but earthquakes shatter that idea in no time.
5. We cannot prevent earthquakes but we can actively find better ways to face them.
6. Earthquakes are hardly predictable, and people cannot be told when an earthquake is going to occur.
7. Scientists have found out forces that cause earthquakes through years of efforts.
8. Architects now have designed flexible buildings to minimize the damages of earthquakes.
9. Scientists use the theory of plate tectonics to explain the apparent movement of continents over time.
10. The convergent plate boundaries refer to the lines where plates push toward each other.
練習(xí)題五答案：
文章精要
地震危害巨大，了解地震對減少其帶來的損失有著重要意義。本文講解了引 發(fā)地震的因素、與地震有關(guān)的地殼板塊運動和地震的危害，并指出盡管人類還無 法準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測地震，但一些必要的防御措施能夠減少地震帶來的損失。
答案解析
1. E 本題是對E段最后一句話的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。定位關(guān)鍵詞是Earthquake-related fatalities。原文用it’s not...that claims lives; it’s...結(jié)構(gòu)指出“通常不是地殼晃 動引起的死亡，而是伴隨而來的房屋倒塌或其他自然災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致的死亡”， 題目用...be caused by...not by...結(jié)構(gòu)表達了同樣的意思。
2. C 本題是對C段最后兩句的歸納，題目將兩句話的含義概括為一句話。定位關(guān)鍵詞是 movements of the earth$s plates, volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts。
3. D 本題是對D段的總結(jié)。定位關(guān)鍵詞是get our attention。D段首句就提到每天都會發(fā)生地震，最后一句提到只有大地震才能引起人們的注意，本題就是 對這兩句話的概括。
4. A 本題是對A段最后兩句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。定位關(guān)鍵詞是shatter。題目中的the ground beneath their feet同義轉(zhuǎn)述了原文中的the ground we stand on。
5. N 本題是對N段最后兩句的概括。定位關(guān)鍵詞是better ways。文章最后一句提到，我們能做的就是增加我們對地震的認(rèn)識，尋找更好的方法來應(yīng)對它， 與題干表達一致。
6. K 本題是對K段第三句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。定位關(guān)鍵詞是hardly predictable。原文提到：雖然我們對地震有了更深的了解，但地震仍然不受我們的控制，地震 是無法預(yù)測的，人們不可能得知地震什么時候會發(fā)生，表達與題干一致。
7. B 本題是對B段第三、四句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。定位關(guān)鍵詞是cause earthquakes。題目中的found out同義轉(zhuǎn)述了原文中的identified。
8. L 本題是對L段最后兩句的概括。定位關(guān)鍵詞是designed。原文提到：過去50年我們在應(yīng)對地震方面取得了進步，尤其是在建筑工程領(lǐng)域。我們用特殊 材料加固房屋以應(yīng)對地震的破壞，我們設(shè)計足夠靈活的房屋，確保地震不 會導(dǎo)致房屋倒塌，這與題干表達的完全一致。
9. F 本題是F段中舉例的一部分。定位關(guān)鍵詞是the theory of plate tectonics。原文提到科學(xué)家用the idea of plate tectonics解釋很多現(xiàn)象，其中之一就是the apparent movement of continents over time。
10. I 本題是對I段最后一句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。定位關(guān)鍵詞是convergent plate boundaries。題干中的refer to與原文中的are called屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)述。
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