高考英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題解題技巧
得閱讀者得天下。要想在高考中得到高分，就必須提高閱讀理解的得分率。詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解題中的必考題型，而且利用文章所提供的語境來猜測生詞的含義是閱讀的必備技能之一。跟著小編一起來看如何破解這類題吧!
【高考英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題解題技巧】
詞義猜測能力是一項(xiàng)重要的英語閱讀技能，同時也是上海高考英語卷對考生閱讀能力進(jìn)行檢測的一個重要方面。綜觀近幾年的上海高考英語閱讀理解題，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，詞義猜測的命題形式大體有以下三個層面：
1.猜測一個單詞的語境意義，如(上海高考66題)：
What does the word “epic” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
2.猜測一個詞組的含義，如(上海高考66題)：
According to paragraph 3, a person with “defective hearing” is probably one who...
3.對具體語境下的特定句子的猜測，如(上海高考73題)：
By saying “It could be your grandchildren’s stamp”, Mr Saunders means that forever stamps...
【解題技巧】
1. 利用同義詞、近義詞、反義詞猜測詞義
在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義、近義或反義的詞語或語句，此時可以通過熟悉的詞語以及它們之間的關(guān)系來推知生詞在文段中的含義。
2. 利用定義或解釋猜測詞義
有些閱讀中的生詞，尤其是新聞報道及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對該詞進(jìn)行解釋說明的短語或句子。常見的提示詞(語)有to be, to do, that is, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有時也以同位語(從句)、定語從句的形式出現(xiàn)，或用破折號、括號來引出。
3. 利用舉例說明猜測詞義
為了說明或證實(shí)，文章中經(jīng)常會舉例子，而這些例子可幫助我們猜測生詞的意思。
4. 利用上下文猜測詞義
理解文章離不開語境，因此在閱讀的過程中，我們可以利用上下文形成的語境對生詞詞義進(jìn)行合理的猜測。
5. 利用邏輯關(guān)系猜測詞義
有時我們可以結(jié)合上下文的因果、遞進(jìn)、對比、轉(zhuǎn)折或同位等邏輯關(guān)系來進(jìn)行推斷。
6. 利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義
閱讀中經(jīng)常會遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，這時可利用構(gòu)詞法來推測其意思�？忌枰莆盏氖乔熬Y、后綴和復(fù)合詞。前綴一般不改變詞性而只是改變詞的意義;后綴一般改變詞性;復(fù)合詞是由兩個或兩個以上單詞組成的，其詞義往往通過其組合部分來確定。
【具體說明】
一、利用上下文存在的因果關(guān)系猜測詞義
例1：It was a cold night in Washington, D.C., and I was heading back to the hotel when a man approached me. He asked if I would give him some money so he could get something to eat. I’d read the signs：“Don’t give money to beggars as most of them are swindlers.”So I shook my head and kept walking.
66. The underlined word “swindlers” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to .
A. policemen B. writers
C. cheaters D. beggars
解析：該題的解題關(guān)鍵線索在于as所連接的前果后因關(guān)系;以及so所連接的.與前一句之間的前因后果關(guān)系，所以該題答案為C。
有時，上下文之間的因果關(guān)系不一定會用明顯的連接詞表示，此時需要考生仔細(xì)推敲，如：
例2： Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who don’t like to share since they had to be rewarded for doing so. Because they don’t view themselves as “sharers” they are less likely to share in the future.
75.The underlined word “backfire” means .
A. serve as a push
B. have an opposite effect
C. cause anger
D. avoid taking things back
解析：從語意上說，“Children come to think of...”這句雖然沒有because等連接詞，但體現(xiàn)的意義就是對前句的原因的說明。所以該題答案為B。
二、利用上下文存在的對比關(guān)系猜測詞義
例3：Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins.
People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions(零排放的) vehicles,” but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Almost all power plants use fire to make it. Aside from the few folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators(發(fā)電機(jī)). Generators are fueled by something — usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants.
70. Which of the following words can replace “be clueless about” in paragraph 2?
A. Be familiar with.
B. Be curious about.
C. Show their interest in.
D. Fail to understand.
解析：該題的關(guān)鍵解題線索在于對but表示的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的把握。從句意上看，almost all power plants...起到對電力的來源進(jìn)行解釋的作用，所以該題答案為D。
三、利用上下文的排比關(guān)系猜測詞義
例4：You feel happiest when you create a healthy balance between giving and receiving. If you give and give without making time to fill your own needs, then it’s likely you will burn out, or feel upset. If you take and take without giving anything back, you never feel fulfilled, so you are always searching for ways to fill the void in your life.
The underlined word “void” in the paragraph means?
A. a feeling of emptiness
B. an absence of one’s mind
C. a break of continuity
D. a state of confusion
解析：該題即屬于利用排比結(jié)構(gòu)所體現(xiàn)出的意義對比猜測詞義的例子。該題答案為A。
四、利用其他手段猜測詞義
除以上方法外，還可以利用上下文的解釋性定語從句、同位語(從句)等以及用來起到解釋和說明作用的破折號、冒號、分號、引號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號進(jìn)行推測和判斷詞匯的語境意義。如：
例5：The largest player—Shanghai Bashi Tourist Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches.
The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the passage refer to ?
A.cars in the making
B.car rental firms
C.cars for rent
D.car makers
解析：本句的兩個破折號都是起解釋作用的。第二個破折號后面對choices進(jìn)行解釋。由此我們可以推測出，破折號后面的內(nèi)容是汽車出租公司所提供的汽車種類。由此本題的答案是C。
例6： Capacitance，or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.
What does the word “capacitance” mean in the paragraph?
解析：由or后面的同位語the ability to store electric
charge可以猜出capacitance 的詞義是“電容量”。需要注意，同位語常與or, similarly, that is to say, in
other words, namely等詞或短語同時出現(xiàn)。
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